抗體與免疫球蛋白的區(qū)別
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><font face="宋體">抗體</font>(antibody)<font face="宋體">指機體的免疫體系在抗原影響下，由</font><font face="Calibri">B</font><font face="宋體">淋巴細胞分化成的漿細胞所發(fā)生的、可與相應抗原發(fā)生特異性聯(lián)絡反應的免疫球蛋白。 抗體與免疫球蛋白的區(qū)別 開端有人用電泳證明血清中抗體活性在γ球蛋白有些，故曾把抗體統(tǒng)稱為丙種</font><font face="Calibri">(</font><font face="宋體">γ</font><font face="Calibri">)</font><font face="宋體">球蛋白。后來發(fā)現(xiàn)，抗體并不都在γ區(qū)</font><font face="Calibri">;</font><font face="宋體">并且坐落γ區(qū)的球蛋白，也不一定都具有抗體活性。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">1964<font face="宋體">年，世界衛(wèi)生組織舉行專門會議，將具有抗體活性以及與抗體有關(guān)的球蛋白統(tǒng)稱為免疫球蛋白</font><font face="Calibri">(Ig)</font><font face="宋體">，如骨髓瘤蛋白，巨球蛋白血癥、冷球蛋白血癥等病人血清中存在的失常免疫球蛋白以及正常人天然存在的免疫球蛋白亞單位等。因此免疫球蛋白是結(jié)構(gòu)化學的概念，而抗體是生物學功用的概念。能夠說，一切抗體都是免疫球蛋白，但并非一切免疫球蛋白都是抗體。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">生物活性</span></strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(1) <font face="宋體">聯(lián)絡特異性抗原：抗體與別的免疫球蛋白分子區(qū)別，就在于抗體能與相應抗原發(fā)生特異性聯(lián)絡，在體內(nèi)致使生理或病理效應</font><font face="Calibri">;</font><font face="宋體">在體外發(fā)生各種直接或直接的可見的抗原抗體聯(lián)絡反應。抗體是靠其分子上的特別的聯(lián)絡部位與抗原聯(lián)絡的。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(2) <font face="宋體">激活補體：抗體與相應抗原聯(lián)絡后，憑仗顯露的補體聯(lián)絡點去激活補體體系、激起補體的溶菌、溶細胞等免疫作用。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(3) <font face="宋體">聯(lián)絡細胞：不一樣類別的免疫球蛋白，可聯(lián)絡不一樣種的細胞，發(fā)生不一樣的疚，參與免疫應對。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(4) <font face="宋體">可通過胎盤及粘膜：免疫球蛋白</font><font face="Calibri">G(IgG)</font><font face="宋體">能通過胎盤進入胎兒血流中，使胎兒構(gòu)成天然被迫免疫。免疫球蛋白</font><font face="Calibri">A(IgA)</font><font face="宋體">可通過消化道及呼吸道粘膜，是粘膜有些抗感染免疫的首要因素。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(5) <font face="宋體">具有抗原性：抗體分子是一種蛋白質(zhì)，也具有影響機體發(fā)生免疫應對的功用。不一樣的免疫球蛋白分子，各具有不一樣的抗原性。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(6) <font face="宋體">抗體對理化因子的抵抗力與通常球蛋白一樣：不耐熱，</font><font face="Calibri">60</font><font face="宋體">～</font><font face="Calibri">70</font><font face="宋體">℃即被損壞。各種酶及能使蛋白質(zhì)凝結(jié)變性的物質(zhì)，均能損壞抗體的作用。抗體可被中性鹽類堆積。在生產(chǎn)上常可用硫酸銨或硫酸鈉從免疫血清中堆積出富含抗體的球蛋白，再經(jīng)透析法將其純化。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">抗體的分類</span></strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(1) <font face="宋體">按作用方針，可將其分為抗毒素、抗菌抗體、抗病毒抗體和親細胞抗體</font><font face="Calibri">(</font><font face="宋體">能與細胞聯(lián)絡的免疫球蛋白，如</font><font face="Calibri">1</font><font face="宋體">型反常反應中的</font><font face="Calibri">lgE</font><font face="宋體">反應素抗體，能吸附在靶細胞膜上</font><font face="Calibri">)</font><font face="宋體">。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(2) <font face="宋體">按理化性質(zhì)和生物學功用，可將其分為</font><font face="Calibri">IgM</font><font face="宋體">、</font><font face="Calibri">IgG</font><font face="宋體">、</font><font face="Calibri">IgA</font><font face="宋體">、</font><font face="Calibri">IgE</font><font face="宋體">、</font><font face="Calibri">IgD</font><font face="宋體">五類。 </font><font face="Calibri">IgM</font><font face="宋體">抗體是免疫應對中首要分泌的抗體。它們在與抗原聯(lián)絡后發(fā)起補體的級聯(lián)反應。它們還把入侵者彼此連接起來，聚成成堆便于巨噬細胞的吞噬</font><font face="Calibri">; IgG</font><font face="宋體">抗體激活補體，中和多種毒素。</font><font face="Calibri">IgG</font><font face="宋體">持續(xù)的時間長，是僅有能在母親妊娠期穿過胎盤保護胎兒的抗體。他們還從乳腺分泌進入初乳，使新生兒得到保護</font><font face="Calibri">IgA</font><font face="宋體">抗體進入身體的黏膜表面，包含呼吸、消化、生殖等管道的黏膜，中和感染因子。還能夠通過母乳的初乳把這種抗體輸送到新生兒的消化道黏膜中，是在母乳中含量最多，最為首要的一類抗體</font><font face="Calibri">; IgE</font><font face="宋體">抗體的尾部與嗜堿細胞、肥大細胞的細胞膜聯(lián)絡。當抗體與抗原聯(lián)絡后，嗜堿細胞與肥大細胞開釋組織胺一類物質(zhì)推動炎癥的展開。這也是致使速發(fā)型過敏反應的抗體</font><font face="Calibri">; IgD</font><font face="宋體">抗體的作用還不太理解。它們首要呈如今老到的</font><font face="Calibri">B</font><font face="宋體">淋巴細胞表面上，可能與</font><font face="Calibri">B</font><font face="宋體">細胞的分化有關(guān)。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(3) <font face="宋體">按與抗原聯(lián)絡后是不是出現(xiàn)可見反應，可將其分為：在介質(zhì)參與下出現(xiàn)可見聯(lián)絡反應的完全抗體，即通常所說的抗體，以及不出現(xiàn)可見反應，但能阻抑抗原與其相應的完全抗體聯(lián)絡的不完全抗體。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(4) <font face="宋體">按抗體的來歷，可將其分為天然抗體和免疫抗體。 抗體即是免疫球蛋白，是改變了的球蛋白分子。由特異性抗原影響起作，抗體的發(fā)生是因為抗原侵入人體后致使各種免疫細胞彼此作用，使</font><font face="Calibri">B</font><font face="宋體">使淋巴分化增殖而構(gòu)成漿細胞，漿細胞可發(fā)生分泌抗體。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">抗體結(jié)構(gòu)</span></strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><font face="宋體">寄生蟲等異物，中和它們所開釋的毒素或根除某些自身抗原，使機體堅持正常平衡，但有時也會對機體構(gòu)成病理性危害，如抗核抗體、抗雙鏈</font>DNA<font face="宋體">抗體、抗甲狀腺球蛋白抗體等一些自身抗體的發(fā)生，對人體可構(gòu)成危害。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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